“Iraq was the first time I noticed it,” says U.S. Army lieutenant colonel Robert Bateman, a military historian who’s taught at West Point Academy and did tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. During his first tour, he lived in downtown Baghdad. Sound would bounce off buildings and down alleys, but he gathered a tremendous wealth of information by listening carefully to the details of what he heard. He could tell who was fighting, who was winning, and when the conflict was about to end; he could pinpoint the source of a battle or explosion to within fifteen or twenty degrees. The sound of the gunfire provided information. “You can tell when a unit is running out of ammo, because their rate of fire slows,” he says. The American weapons themselves had distinctive sounds; the M4, M16, A2, and M249 are 5.56 mm weapons, meaning they have relatively high-powered charges but small diameters. “They have a sharper sound,” Bateman says. By contrast, the venerable AK-47, used by insurgents as well as the Iraq and Afghan militaries, is a 7.62 mm weapon. “It’s bigger around, and a deeper or throatier round,” he says. “In addition to the sound of the gunfire, the frequency and patterns of it told Bateman stories. If, for example, an American army unit got hit with an improvised explosive device, he’d hear the boom . . . then silence . . . and then maybe, after a while, a burst of gunfire, but not always. If an Iraqi special police battalion was hit, he says, he’d hear the explosion, then mostly silence, then some sustained fire. “But if an Iraqi army unit was hit—their discipline tended to be lower, their enthusiasm for gunfire tended to be higher—then they would do what we called the ‘death blossom’” (a reference to the movie The Last Starfighter), Bateman says. “Every man would fire his entire magazine of ammunition randomly outward from his perimeter. You could tell what had just happened from kilometers away before any reports were sent.”
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